The state‐of‐the‐art in marine navigation     

H. Bâkiiz  H. M. Ng 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(3):209-217

Tide gauges distributed all over the world provide valuable information for monitoring mean sea level changes. The statistical models used in estimating sea level change from the tide gauge data assume implicitly that the random model components are stationary in variance. We show that for a large number of global tide gauge data this is not the case for the seasonal part using a variate-differencing algorithm. This finding is important for assessing the reliability of the present estimates of mean sea level changes because nonstationarity of the data may have marked impact on the sea level rate estimates, especially, for the data from short records.  相似文献   

Improving the Coastal Mean Dynamic Topography by Geodetic Combination of Tide Gauge and Satellite Altimetry     

Ole Baltazar Andersen  Karina Nielsen  Per Knudsen  Chris W. Hughes  Rory Bingham  Luciana Fenoglio-Marc 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(6):517-545

Abstract

The ocean mean dynamic topography (MDT) is the surface representation of the ocean circulation. The MDT may be determined by the ocean approach, which involves temporal averaging of numerical ocean circulation model information, or by the geodetic approach, wherein the MDT is derived using the ellipsoidal height of the mean sea surface (MSS), or mean sea level (MSL) minus the geoid as the geoid. The ellipsoidal height of the MSS might be estimated either by satellite or coastal tide gauges by connecting the tide gauge datum to the Earth-centred reference frame. In this article we present a novel approach to improve the coastal MDT, where the solution is based on both satellite altimetry and tide gauge data using new set of 302 tide gauges with ellipsoidal heights through the SONEL network. The approach was evaluated for the Northeast Atlantic coast where a dense network of GNSS-surveyed tide gauges is available. The typical misfit between tide gauge and satellite or oceanographic MDT was found to be around 9?cm. This misfit was found to be mainly due to small scale geoid errors. Similarly, we found, that a single tide gauge places only weak constraints on the coastal dynamic topography.  相似文献   

TGR-2050型验潮仪在珠江口潮汐测量中的应用分析     

王玉春  方荣华  杨建宇  宁林春  张延飞 《海洋测绘》2013,33(1):63-65

使用压力式TGR-2050型验潮仪,在珠江口等河道入海口测量潮汐时,误差比较大;针对珠江口潮汐的特点,分析和研究了大气压扰动、潮流、海水密度、压力感应零点漂移等因素对潮汐测量带来的误差,有针对性地提出解决方案,并通过实验证明了方案的可行性。  相似文献   

长英质岩石的流变学特征及其影响因素          下载免费PDF全文

刘贵  周永胜 《地震地质》2012,34(2):365-383

在总结岩石变形机制与岩石流变学实验进展的基础上,讨论了岩石流变学数据的重复性。虽然高温高压流变学实验积累了大量的数据,但中、上地壳长英质岩石和早期获得的石英集合体的流变实验数据重复性比较差,而近年来发表的石英、长石的流变学实验数据重复性相对较好。虽然利用经验理论模型,根据端元组分可以拟合两相矿物集合体的流变律,但并不能满足定量确定复杂组分和特殊流变性的长英质岩石流变参数的需要。因此,利用长英质岩石流变参数估计大陆地壳流变强度剖面时,即使在相同地温和应变速率条件下,给出的流变曲线、脆-塑性转化带深度也有一定差别,还需要通过大量实验给出更精细的长英质岩石流变学实验数据。根据近年来流变学实验研究的新进展,讨论了在实验室条件下影响长英质岩石流变的各种因素,重点分析了流体、岩石成分、样品粒度和组构对流变的影响。微量结构水对岩石流变有显著的弱化作用,而熔体对流变的影响与熔体含量和分布相关,只有熔体呈薄膜状湿润颗粒边界时,熔体的弱化作用才显著。成分对岩石流变的影响不仅体现在样品的应力指数等流变参数的变化方面,还体现在样品从半脆性变形向塑性变形的转化温度方面。粒度主要影响岩石的变形机制,其中,细粒样品在扩散蠕变域具有应力与粒度线性负相关特性,是理想的应力计,可以用来定量确定韧性剪切带的流变强度;而在位错蠕变域,应力与粒度没有依存关系,这为将实验室条件得出的流变数据外推估计地壳流变提供了重要依据。组构和各向异性是地壳中岩石存在的普遍现象,但关于层状组构对多相矿物组成的岩石流变影响的研究非常少,需要通过新的实验来深入研究。  相似文献   

Levee effects upon flood levels: an empirical assessment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Reuben A. Heine  Nicholas Pinter 《水文研究》2012,26(21):3225-3240

This study used stream gauge records to assess the impact of levees on flood levels, providing an empirical test of theoretical and model predictions of the effects on local flood response. Focusing upon a study area in Illinois and Iowa for which levee records were available, we identified 203 gauges with ≥ 50 years hydrological record, including 15 gauges where a levee was constructed during the period of record. At these sites, step‐change analysis utilizing regression residuals tested levee‐related stage changes and levels of significance and quantified the magnitudes of stage changes. Despite large differences in stream sizes, levee alignments, and degree of floodplain constriction, the post‐levee rating‐curve adjustments showed consistent signatures. For all the study sites, stages for below bankfull (non‐flood) conditions were unaffected by levee construction. For above bankfull (flood) conditions, stages at sites downstream of their associated levees also were statistically indistinguishable before versus after levee construction. However, at all sites upstream of levees or within leveed reaches, stages increased for above bankfull conditions. These increases were abrupt, statistically significant, and generally large in magnitude – ranging up to 2.3 m (Wabash River at Mt. Carmel, IL). Stage increases began when discharge increased above bankfull flow and generally increased in magnitude with discharge until the associated levee(s) were overtopped. Detailed site assessments and supplementary data available from some sites helped document the dominant mechanisms by which levees can increase flood levels. Levee construction reduces the area of the floodplain open to storage of flood waters and reduces the width of the floodplain open to conveyance of flood flow. Floodplain conveyance often is underestimated or ignored, but Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements analysed here confirm previous studies that up to 70% or more of the total discharge during large floods (~3% chance flood) can move over the floodplain. Upstream of levees and levee‐related floodplain constriction, backwater effects reduce flow velocities relative to pre‐levee conditions and, thus, increase stages for a given discharge. The empirical results here confirm a variety of theoretical predictions of levee effects but suggest that many one‐dimensional model‐based predictions of levee‐related stage changes may underestimate actual levee impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

TGR-2050型自动验潮仪的使用          下载免费PDF全文

周坚  周绍炜  田志光  黄海轮  陈春  吕良 《海洋测绘》2012,32(6):60-62

剖析了TGR-2050自动验潮仪的工作原理,分析了影响测量精度的各种误差因素,指出该仪器设计上的缺陷,并给出实例,介绍了进行大气压改正的方法,得出了有益结论。  相似文献   

软岩三轴卸荷流变力学特性及本构模型研究     

王宇  李建林  邓华锋  王瑞红 《岩土力学》2012,33(11):3338-3344

以典型软岩－泥质粉砂岩为研究对象,进行了不同应力水平下的恒轴压、分级卸围压室内流变试验。试验结果表明,软岩在卸荷条件下的轴向及侧向流变变形较大,各向异性显著。在恒定围压较高时,轴向流变变形较大,而随着围压逐级降低,侧向流变变形发展较轴向更快,试样在破裂围压下的侧向变形远大于轴向。通过深入分析软岩卸荷流变试验成果可知,线性Burgers流变模型能较好地反映各级围压下流变曲线的衰减流变及稳态流变阶段,但对于破裂围压下的非线性加速流变阶段无法描述。基于上述分析,建立一个非线性损伤流变模型,采用Levenberg-Marquardt非线性优化最小二乘法对试验结果进行拟合,并获得软岩的非线性流变参数。经比较,拟合计算与试验曲线吻合程度很高,说明该流变模型能较好地反映软岩卸荷流变各阶段的曲线特征。  相似文献   

岩体的加、卸载状态与能量的分配关系   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李杰  王明洋  范鹏贤  施存程 《岩土力学》2012,33(Z2):125-132

岩体是流变体,在高地应力的长时间作用下其内部非均匀应力随着时间自我松弛,逐渐趋向于静水压力状态。在这样的状态下,虽然其体积仍维持弹性,但丧失了进一步抵抗剪切变形的能力,处于流动的状态,其能量储存具有体积的特征。采用平面压缩模型,研究岩石在不同应力水平长期作用下的变形性状及能量分配关系,给出在快速卸荷条件下发生自持续动力断裂破坏条件,以期揭示深部岩体初始地应力水平（能量在体变及形变上的分配关系）对卸荷条件下岩体运动过程中表现的惯性、黏性及弹塑性变形的影响规律,为建立深部岩体加卸荷本构关系打下基础。  相似文献   

Optimal design of rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment,Australia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Sajal Kumar Adhikary  Abdullah Gokhan Yilmaz  Nitin Muttil 《水文研究》2015,29(11):2582-2599

Rainfall data are a fundamental input for effective planning, designing and operating of water resources projects. A well‐designed rain gauge network is capable of providing accurate estimates of necessary areal average and/or point rainfall estimates at any desired ungauged location in a catchment. Increasing network density with additional rain gauge stations has been the main underlying criterion in the past to reduce error and uncertainty in rainfall estimates. However, installing and operation of additional stations in a network involves large cost and manpower. Hence, the objective of this study is to design an optimal rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment in Victoria, Australia. The optimal positioning of additional stations as well as optimally relocating of existing redundant stations using the kriging‐based geostatistical approach was undertaken in this study. Reduction of kriging error was considered as an indicator for optimal spatial positioning of the stations. Daily rainfall records of 1997 (an El Niño year) and 2010 (a La Niña year) were used for the analysis. Ordinary kriging was applied for rainfall data interpolation to estimate the kriging error for the network. The results indicate that significant reduction in the kriging error can be achieved by the optimal spatial positioning of the additional as well as redundant stations. Thus, the obtained optimal rain gauge network is expected to be appropriate for providing high quality rainfall estimates over the catchment. The concept proposed in this study for optimal rain gauge network design through combined use of additional and redundant stations together is equally applicable to any other catchment. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

向家坝水电站地下厂房围岩稳定的黏弹塑性有限元分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

聂卫平  徐卫亚  周先齐  李良权  刘伟 《岩土力学》2010,31(4):1276-1282

考虑流变作用,建立三维有限元模型进行数值计算,以洞室变形和点抗滑安全系数为指标,针对向家坝水电站地下厂房围岩的特殊性进行稳定性研究,结果表明,随着围压的增高,流变速率逐渐减小,初始应变逐渐减小;软弱夹层处流变速率较其他岩体减小缓慢,且开挖后流变达到稳态状态时软弱夹层最终流变位移较大;黏弹塑性下围岩位移分布及变化规律与弹塑性一致,但黏弹塑性下计算位移明显要比弹塑性大;流变效应对岩体变形和稳定性,以及对支护结构有重要影响;黏弹塑性情况下,洞室围岩特征点抗滑安全系数比弹塑性条件下小,软弱夹层出露处和拱顶点抗滑安全系数较低,点抗滑安全系数分析还表明,软弱夹层对其稳定性影响明显,验证了位移分析结果。  相似文献